Resale Price Maintenance in Washington

The social and economic desirability of resale price maintenance contracts or agreements has been debated pro and con. Today most of the states, including Washington, have adopted fair trade laws recognizing and conditioning the legality of such agreements. The purpose of this article is not to analyze the economic aspects and effects of these agreements but rather to present: (1) a brief survey of the early judicial attitudes toward resale price agreements as developed in the federal and state courts; (2) the effect of the Miller-Tydings Amendment to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act on such agreements; (3) the content of the Washington Fair Trade Act, its constitutionality, and its similarity to the statutes of other states; and (4) a collection of interpretative decisions under the Washington Act and under similar laws of other states which may shed some light upon the interpretation our court will give to the Washington statute when similar problems arise in this state

Transpiration of detached mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal leaves fed varying abscisic acid, pH, calcium and phosphorus

Mycorrhizal colonization can alter stomatal behavior of host leaves during drought without obvious changes in plant size or nutrition. This may be related to an altered production or reception of a chemical signal of soil drying. I tested whether intact root systems were required to observe a mycorrhizal effect on leaf transpiration (E), or whether some residual mycorrhizal influence on leaves could affect E of foliage detached from root systems. Transpiration assays were performed in the presence of several possible candidates for a chemical signal of soil drying. Although colonization alone did not alter E of detached leaves of Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), colonization interacted significantly with ABA and pH in regulating transpiration. Colonization affected E of detached Rosa hybrida (rose) leaves but had no effect on E of detached leaves of Pelargonium hortorum (geranium). In each species tested, increasing the ABA concentration decreased E. In cowpea, calcium appeared to alter stomatal sensitivity to ABA, as well as regulate stomatal activity directly. The pH of the feeding solution affected E in rose, but did not change E independently in cowpea or geranium. Adding phosphorus to the feeding solution did not alter E, but did change the apparent sensitivity of cowpea stomata to ABA. Colonization of roots by mycorrhizal fungi can result in residual effects in detached leaves, that can alter the stomatal reception of chemical signals in both rose and cowpea

A Descriptive Study of Teacher Perceptions of International Travel Outcomes

People have been traveling internationally for hundreds of years seeking enlightenment. There is a plethora of research to discuss how travel has impacted them. However, travel research is lacking where the educational impacts on the educational experiences of teachers are concerned. The purpose of this study was to offer empirical evidence on whether the international travel outcomes appear to be a function of traveling abroad, according to teacher perception. Eleven teachers were interviewed using a semi-structured format. They were questioned concerning the effects of international travel on their personal and professional lives. The researcher analyzed the data by transcribing the interviews and then coding them to discover common themes expressed in the interviews. The findings indicated that international travel resulted in travel outcomes to varying levels among the participants. Educational institutions and the travel industry can use these findings to further enhance the educational experiences encountered while traveling abroad. to further enhance the educational experiences encountered while traveling abroad

The Importance of Maintaining Upland Forest Habitat Surrounding Salamander Breeding Ponds: Case Study of the Eastern Tiger Salamander in New York, USA

Most amphibians use both wetland and upland habitats, but the extent of their movement in forested habitats is poorly known. We used radiotelemetry to observe the movements of adult and juvenile eastern tiger salamanders over a 4-year period. Females tended to move farther from the breeding ponds into upland forested habitat than males, while the distance a juvenile moved appeared to be related to body size, with the largest individuals moving as far as the adult females. Individuals chose refugia in native pitch pine-oak forested habitat and avoided open fields, roads, and developed areas. We also observed a difference in potential predation pressures in relation to the distance an individual moved from the edge of the pond. Our results support delineating forested wetland buffer zones on a case-by-case basis to reduce the impacts of concentrated predation, to increase and protect the availability of pitch pine-oak forests near the breeding pond, and to focus primarily on the habitat needs of the adult females and larger juveniles, which in turn will encompass habitat needs of adult males and smaller juveniles

Modelling ultrafast two-dimensional spectroscopy of vibronic systems using non-Markovian hierarchical equations of motion.

Two-dimensional spectroscopy utilises a series of ultrafast optical interactions to create excited populations and track the decay of resulting wavepackets. This enables the study of the potential energy surfaces of complex chemical and biological systems, including the rates of relaxation between states and the dephasing of ensembles. But the inherent complexity of the condensed phase, associated with the vast degrees of freedom and disorder, presents significant challenges in modelling such photophysical processes. In particular, the similarity in relaxation timescale of the system and its surrounding environment provides the opportunity for feedback of information, introducing memory effects which have a major impact on the spectral lineshape. The shape and duration of the applied laser pulses also leads to filtering effects, such that spectra of complex systems can easily be misinterpreted. In this research, theoretical models for the simulation of two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of vibronic systems are developed in both the underdamped and overdamped limits, using the hierarchical equations of motion to account for non-Markovian memory effects. Firstly, an investigation into the origins of spectral broadening from the perspective of quantum information theory finds that underdamped environments involve greater non-Markovian effects, but also that increased inhomogeneous broadening in overdamped environments is correlated with greater measurable non-Markovianity. The role of the laser spectrum is then demonstrated through spectral filtering of the coherence pathways of a vibronic zinc-porphyrin monomer. Changes in the 2D spectra on formation of delocalized exciton states in vibronic dimers are then examined in terms of a series of perylene bisimide homodimers, where the electronic coupling is controlled by increasing the monomer separation distance. Finally, an analysis of vibrational relaxation within a vibronic heterodimer, combined with selective laser excitation, demonstrates the full capability of the model by simulating energy transfer within an excitonic aggregate involving both system and environmental vibrational motion

Sensitivity to Proportions in Faces of Varying Anthropomorphism

Although it has been said that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, studies in social and medical sciences indicate that certain facial and bodily proportions are perceived to be more attractive across cultures. Additionally, studies indicate that the percep- tion of attractiveness is more hardwired than learned, being present even in infants. Behavioral scientists have found that attractive people are often judged to have more positive character traits. Interface designers must make choices regarding how to rep- resent the human form, whether in animation, virtual reality, or physical robots. An understanding of human preferences, in addition to other developments in the science of perception, can lead to design principles. This study measured sensitivity to the best proportions, and tolerance for ac- ceptable proportions in people, androids and more mechanical-looking robots, and three-dimensional and two-dimensional computer graphics characters. In an on-line experiment participants set the best point and acceptable range in four facial propor- tions for eleven characters, and completed a questionnaire rating character attributes such as human likeness. Participants showed greater sensitivity to the best propor- tions in faces they judged as more attractive and more humanlike. Participants also showed less tolerance for changes in proportion in more attractive faces

Bodyspace at the pub: sexual orientations and organizational space

In this article we argue that sexuality is not only an undercurrent of service environments, but is integral to the way that these workspaces are experienced and negotiated. Through drawing on Sara Ahmed’s (2006a) ‘orientation’ thesis, we develop a concept of ‘bodyspace’ to suggest that individuals understand, shape and make meaning of work spaces through complex sexually-orientated negotiations. Presenting analysis from a study of UK pubs, we explore bodyspace in the lived experience of workplace sexuality through three elements of orientation: background; bodily dwelling; and lines of directionality. Our findings show how organizational spaces afford or mitigate possibilities for particular bodies, which simultaneously shape expectations and experiences of sexuality at work. Bodyspace therefore provides one way of exposing the connection between sexual ‘orientation’ and the lived experience of service sector work

Optical tweezing chiral particles with 3D structured light

In this work we highlight enantioselective optical gradient forces acting on Rayleigh-seized chiral particles present in 3D structured (non-paraxial) optical vortex tweezing systems. One discriminatory force originates from the circular polarization of the light and is similar to previous chiral optical gradient trapping forces. Much more remarkable is the other which is independent of the input beam’s polarization state - even occurring for unpolarized light – and is not present in 2D structured light nor propagating plane waves. This latter chiral sorting mechanism allows for the enantioselective trapping of chiral particles into distinct rings in the transverse plane through conservative radial forces

Two-photon absorption with tightly focused optical vortices

Unlike single photon absorption, the rate of multiphoton absorption processes is dependent on the polarization state of the exciting optical field. Multiphoton absorption spectroscopy is predominantly carried out with an exciting light source which is structured and polarized in a 2D sense in the transverse (x,y) plane, but homogeneous along the direction of propagation (z). Here we study two-photon absorption (TPA) with tightly focused optical vortices, where the spatial confinement generates significant longitudinal components of the electromagnetic fields in the direction of propagation, producing a 3D structured optical field at the focal plane. We discover that the additional polarization degree of freedom in the z direction for 3D structured light produces novel results in TPA compared to the preceding paraxial source excitation